The Shaykh al-Islām dies imprisoned in the Damascus citadel, his ink and paper confiscated; the city empties for his funeral.
Turned back from ʿumrah, the Prophet ﷺ signs a ten-year truce the Qurʾān names a clear victory.
Alp Arslan captures the Roman emperor; the Anatolian plateau opens to the Turks.
ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ plants a permanent camp on the Ifrīqiyan steppe — the base that anchors Islam in the Maghreb.