Quṭuz and Baybars halt the Mongol advance in Galilee — the first defeat the Mongol empire could not avenge.
In the cave of Ḥirāʾ the first verses descend: "Recite, in the name of your Lord who created."
Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād breaks the Visigothic army and King Roderic falls; al-Andalus opens in a single Ramaḍān.
ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ plants a permanent camp on the Ifrīqiyan steppe — the base that anchors Islam in the Maghreb.